From the Winter War to the Soviet invasion of Hungary to the present day, the homemade “bottle bomb” known as the Molotov cocktail has long been a weapon of choice for guerrillas and revolutionaries around the world.
Dutch Ministry of Defense / Public DomainBesieged people frequently turn to Molotov cocktails as a favourite weapon system .
When the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956 , one member of Hungary ’s besieged government confidently toldThe New York Times : “ As long as there are one-time bottles and gasoline supply and rags to serve well for fuses , no Russian armoured combat vehicle will be safe in the streets . ” The official was speak about Molotov cocktails , which the Hungarians would habituate to destruct about 400 of the invade Soviet tank before the insurrection was appease . So where did this crude — but powerful — rabble-rousing weapon system derive from ?
Though the Molotov cocktail is most intimately unite to the Winter War , when the Soviet Union invaded Finland in 1939 and the Finns fight back with “ nursing bottle bomb , ” it has a longer story . And the weapon , which consists of a nursing bottle filled with a flammable liquid state and fitted with a wick for ignition , has been used to great effect in wars , revolutions , and riots ever since .
Dutch Ministry of Defense/Public DomainBesieged people frequently turn to Molotov cocktails as a favored weapon.
This is the explosive history of the Molotov cocktail .
The Rise Of The “Poor Man’s Grenade”
The Molotov cocktail was officially advert during the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland , which took place between 1939 and 1940 . But bottle bomb first emerge over a decade before that conflict started .
The first documented use of such weapons come in 1922 . Then , the paramilitary organization Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) used bottles fill with petrol and paraffin as weapons .
“ It consists of a bottleful bear a mixture — one half gasolene , one half paraffin , surrounded by a golosh banding which holds in place a piece of fuse ( 4 sec ) at either close of which is a safety match head , ” one appendage explained to his superscript , according toThe Conversation . “ One terminal of the fuze is lighted and by the sentence the bottle strikes the object glass the other end ignites make the mixed bag to go on fire . ”
Public Domain“Bottle bombs” were used to great effect during the Spanish Civil War.
Because some were occupy that the weapons would be ineffective against armoured cars , these petrol bombs were not heavily relied upon by the IRA . But a similar weapon would shortly reemerge in the next tenner with the eruption of the Spanish Civil War , which call for place from 1936 to 1939 .
Public Domain“Bottle bomb calorimeter ” were used to keen core during the Spanish Civil War .
During the warfare , Nationalist troops loyal to Francisco Franco used bottle bombs against Republican forces to great and annihilating core .
Public DomainA Finnish Molotov cocktail. One historian claims these weapons destroyed some “350 Soviet tanks and other vehicles.”
The Republicans had Soviet - supplied tanks fire with gasoline , which turned out to be vulnerable when hit with a well - draw a bead on projectile . harmonise toNational Geographic , a British brigadier general general witnessed one such attack , in which these makeshift weapons destroy nine tankful .
But it was n’t until a different conflict broke out that these simple but powerful missile were finally given a name : Molotov cocktails .
How The Molotov Cocktail Got Its Name
On November 30 , 1939 , theWinter Warbetween the Soviet Union and Finland lead off after the Soviets invaded the neighboring body politic .
During the conflict , Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov controversially referred to cluster bomb calorimeter drop down on Finland as “ nutrient parcels ” for the Finns . According toLive Science , Molotov even exact on state wireless that his countrymen were helping starve Finns with the human-centred supplies .
The Finns gibingly shout out these cluster bombs “ Molotov ’s bread baskets ” or “ Molotov picnic basket . ” Determined to struggle back against the Soviets , they declared that they would come up with a potable to pair with Molotov ’s so - forebode food for thought share : Molotovin koktaili , or Molotov cocktails .
Public DomainBritish soldiers making Molotov cocktails from beer bottles as the country braces for a potential Nazi invasion. 1940.
Like “ bottle dud ” used by the Irish and the Spanish , Finnish Molotov cocktail were made with a bottle , a inflammable liquid like gasoline or alcohol , a taper like a fabric , and matches . The Finns also sometimes summate tar , which could produce copious sum of money of dope .
Public DomainA Finnish Molotov cocktail . One historiographer claims these weapons destroyed some “ 350 Soviet tanks and other vehicle . ”
American historian William R. Trotter described these weapons in his bookFrozen Hell(2000 ) . He explained that the Finns agnize that the most effective nursing bottle bombs were made using one - liter vodka bottles produce at the State Liquor Factory , in Rajamäki , Finland . As a consequence , thousands of bottles were produced there specifically to be made into weapons .
Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/Alamy Stock PhotoA German soldier holds up a Molotov cocktail to a photographer in Ukraine during World War II. 1941.
“ Working viciously long hours , 87 women and five men hired hand - craft 542,194 Molotov cocktail , ” Trotter save , according to theWashington Post . Incredibly , Trotter explained , “ their product is credit with destroying more or less 350 Soviet tank car and other vehicles . ”
He also write : “ The Finnish translation was … muscular , consisting of a blend of gas , kerosene , tar , and chloride of atomic number 19 , fire up not by a dishcloth but by an ampule of sulfuric pane taped to the bottle ’s cervix . ”
Despite this bouncing warfare , the Soviets finally triumphed over the Finns in March 1940 , ending the conflict with a peace treaty between the two countries . But the Molotov cocktail would soon be espouse elsewhere .
How Molotov Cocktails Have Been Used Around The World
Public DomainBritish soldiers making Molotov cocktail from beer bottles as the country braces for a possible Nazi invasion . 1940 .
Shortly after the Finns perfected the Molotov cocktail , the British also began to project to use this makeshift arm . In 1940 , as the country steady itself for a potential Nazi invasion , a veteran of the Spanish Civil War outside brigade named Tom Wintringham put out a pathfinder for Brits who were interested in making Molotov cocktails in a magazine calledPicture Post .
“ expect for your tank , ” Wintringham drop a line . “ When near enough , your pal lights [ the ] gas - soaked recess of the blanket . bewilder the feeding bottle and blanket as soon as this corner is flaring . ( you could not discombobulate it far . ) See that it drops in front of the tank . The blanket should catch in the tracks or in a cog - wheel , or wind itself round an axle . The bottle will smash , but the petrol should soak the blanket well enough to make a really healthy fire . ”
He contribute : “ Do not play with these thing . They are extremely life-threatening . ”
National Geographicreports that British gentleman too former to contend were also condition to use “ cocktail à la Molotov ” and that the U.K. produced about 6 million weapon call off “ framework 76 grenades . ” These were effectively formalized versions of the arm , mean to help citizens resist invader .
Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo / Alamy livestock PhotoA German soldier bear up a Molotov cocktail to a photographer in Ukraine during World War II . 1941 .
American military personnel also sought to use Molotov cocktails during World War II . accord to theWashington Post , a 1943 U.S. Army training pic entitled “ Crack That Tank ” even offered a demonstration . “ Light the rag , billow the bottle so it busts on top of the armored combat vehicle and this is what you get , ” the motion-picture show ’s narrator explained . “ The burning gun pours through cracks and crevices in the tank . Nine times out of 10 , it ’ll find petroleum or grease or more gas indoors . ”
Molotov cocktail have since been follow by people across the world , especially revolutionaries , exemption fighters , militant , rioters , and mass who are resisting encroachment . Hungarians used the weapons against the Soviets in 1956 , as did French protestors against their government in 1968 . These feeding bottle turkey were also used during the1992 L.A. riotsand , most recently , by combatant in Ukraine resisting the Russian intrusion of 2022 .
It ’s easy to see why . Molotov cocktails are easy to make . They ’re astonishingly herculean . And they offer besieged people , from the Irish , to the Finns , to the Ukrainians , a fighting fortune against a redoubtable enemy .
After reading about the chronicle of the Molotov cocktail , see how theTommy gunbecame the arm of choice for American gangsters during the 1920s . Or , discover the strange history of thePanjandrum , the disastrous experimental World War II artillery fabricate by the British .
